Saturday, February 26, 2022

Noahides and Jews argue over who to behead and when

TABLE OF CONTENTS

This blogpost from the Noahide site "Academy of Shem" should be read fully, it is a very interesting article. But be careful, you might at first think that the Noahides (but not the Jews) are not willing to decapitate people, but this Noahide is being very very clever and sly. Here is what is going on. In the article, the Noahide writer talks about "dinim". You see, under the seven Noahide laws there are tens if not hundreds of sub-laws that fit under each law. If you would like to see many of the sub-laws which fit into each category of the seven Noahide laws, please visit Hasidic University (www. HasidicUniversity. org). Some ignorant Noahide apologists will tell you these are just the 613 laws for Jews categorized by the Noahide Laws, but yes, in the most fanatical reaches of Noahidism, non-Jews ARE to follow all 613 laws (here & here). So for example, under the rubric of idolatry, non-Jews cannot practice astrology or read tarot cards. Under the rubric of no sex-sins, non-Jews are not to be transvestites, even if it does not involve sex. Here is the deal, for some of the infractions the penalty is death, for some it is not death, and for some the punishment comes from heaven. Now, what this article is telling us is that the Jews are telling the Noahides the penalty is ALWAY beheading and that is it. This Noahide is concerned this will cause people to fear that the Noahides will kill people for stealing so much as a loaf of bread, which the Rabbis are encouraging. The Noahide is saying that this death-only system is preventing the Noahides from learning full dinim because under dinim the sentence is not always death. Now I very much highly doubt that this Noahide is saying there should NEVER be beheadings, I am sure he believes in capital punishment where it is definitely prescribed. Interestingly, the Noahide describes tensions between the Jews and the Noahides, the Noahides want to set up legal systems to implement the Noahide Laws, but the Jews are scared to rile up the non-Jews against them. The Noahide movement is very diverse with all different kinds of interpretations. Here we find a Noahide who does not want to behead in every instance but who does want to set up legal systems now, then we have Rabbis who want beheading in every instance who don't want to set up the legal systems yet, all we need is a group of Noahides to put two and two together and come up with a total decapitation system to be implemented. I'd like to point out, that even if we are not being decapitated for every crime, there is still a punishment, maybe just not death (or maybe yes), but still non-Jews are punished for idolatry, blasphemy and sex-sin, in some way or another, through death or some other form of retribution form bigoted Noahidists. 


https://academyofshem.wordpress.com/2016/09/28/clarion-call/?fbclid=IwAR2qjrdGrUtXoOOZbcWw8XwKrMdoi6X6hoMLi81YzzDwOW9xZ4wSJPAskuA

Clarion Call

SEPTEMBER 28, 2016

ACADEMYOFSHEM

There are many in our society who oppose the Noahide Code. All one has to do is to Google “Noahide Laws” and you will see the proliferation of anti-Noahide websites that have infested the internet. For those familiar with the Noahide Law, the distortions of these haters is easy to spot. For those unfamiliar with the Torah, not so much.

The majority of these anti-Noahide websites are Christian websites, although there are more than a few that are atheist. The fear of the Christians is that the Noahide Law has the power to destroy their religion; the atheists fear that the Noahide Law will take away their hedonism, or force them to accept that there is a God and an ultimate morality.

The anti-Noahides have it right in that we are out to destroy organized religion, particularly Christianity, the main organized religion in America. It would be difficult to find a more divisive ideology than organized religion. Since organized religion is prohibited under the Noahide Code, their fears are certainly justified. It is the task of the Noahide to remove this divisive ideology from the face of the earth.

It is the fear-mongering about decapitation that is the anti-Noahide’s weapon of choice. They use this threat to incite others against the Noahide Code, spreading fear that, if Noahide Law becomes the “law of the land,” then Noahides will decapitate not only Christians but anyone who violates the law. To think that we would promote a legal system that would mete out death for someone who steals a loaf of bread is ludicrous. This inflexible interpretation of dinim makes Javert look like Mother Teresa.

Where do these anti-Noahides get such crazy ideas? Unfortunately, it is from the Jews themselves, particularly the supporters of Rambam. Many of the Jews out there who are involved in the Noahide movement teach that decapitation is the only punishment for violating any of the Noahide Laws. This sad fact is not lost on the enemies of the Torah, and it is these Jews who have become unwitting allies of the anti-Noahides and furnish the haters with the ammunition they need to install fear among the ignorant.

In Bava Metzia 90a–90b, there is a discussion about Noahides. The topic is about Jews who get Noahides to castrate bulls (which is halakhically forbidden to Jews). Rav Pappa says that Jews who do this transgress the prohibition “do not put a stumbling block in front of the blind.” This is a mitzvah from Leviticus 19:14, “which prohibits causing another person to stumble in sin. It includes causing a non-Jew to violate one of the laws commanded to him.” (Schottenstein Talmud).

To my knowledge, this part of the Talmud has never been taught or even mentioned by any rabbi who is involved in the Noahide movement. The reason for this is clear: any Jew who interferes with the Noahide’s observance of the Seven Laws is in violation of halakha. It is bad enough for the rabbis to fill the Noahide’s head with obligations which have nothing to do with the Noahide Law, but to tell Noahides that they must not attack the idolatrous religions which permeate our society, to tell them that our obligation to dinim is only to set up courts of justice, to tell Noahides not to campaign for social change but to let God handle everything, to tell the Noahide that every violation of a Noahide law in a sovereign Noahide state must result in decapitation—these things are what cause Noahides to stumble by preventing them from fulfilling the observance of dinim. It is a violation of halakha.

Some years ago, when I started to wonder about why the rabbis were teaching the Noahides Judaism instead of Noahide Law, I told my concerns to a friend of mine, a rabbi who was sympathetic to the cause. He discreetly talked to some of the rabbis involved in the Noahide movement, and my fears were confirmed. The rabbis involved in the Noahide movement are deliberately teaching the Noahides that the Seven Laws are only a vehicle for personal salvation, steering them away from the social dimension of dinim. The rabbis do not want the Noahide movement to grow, at least not in the direction it is supposed to. The last thing they want is for Noahides to campaign against the current social order, to instigate society-changing reforms. They feel that Noahides would rile up the public and cause problems for the Jews. This is, of course, a valid concern, but what are we to do? It’s our tuchas on the line, not theirs. We are ultimately responsible for keeping the Seven Laws, and the Seven Laws cannot be observed in their entirely unless we make them the basis for our society’s legal system. However, by interfering with the Noahide’s observance of dinim, the rabbis themselves violate the halakha outlined in Bava Metzia 90b by placing a stumbling block in front of the Noahides.

It is obvious that the rabbis are leading the Noahides down the wrong path. It is also obvious that they want to be in control, and will not follow our lead in directing the course of implementing Noahide Law in our own society. The only recourse is for them to get out of our way.

Friday, February 25, 2022

Reputable Noahide organization lists official Noahides at 500,000 globally!

  SEE TABLE OF CONTENTS (HERE)

Don't forget, outside of Israel, it is not the Jews who enforce the Noahide Laws but it is non-Jews who have accepted the Seven Noahide Laws on themselves, it is the Noahides who do the decapitation, not the Jews, again unless it is inside the land of Israel. People may say they have hardly met any Noahides, so how much of a threat can they be. Don't forget, with Islam (here), Catholicism (here), and Freemasonry (here) being declared Noahides, that bring the potential number of Noahides in the near future to be billions. But then there are Noahides proper, these are people who have left Christianity, Islam, or other religions to become fully rabbinically guided Noahides with no other religious affiliation other than what the Rabbis teach them, these are true-blue 100% Noahides. In 2018, Israeli newspaper Haaretz estimated the number of 100% Noahides around the world to be 20,000 (here), but according to the reputable Noahide Nations organization, the number of Noahides is closer to 500,000! They have recruited half a million full Noahides in less than two decades. Don't think the world can't go Noahide very quickly, the Noahide Laws have appealed to many people on earth. 


https://religionnews.com/2007/07/19/little-movement-thinks-its-big-moment-has-arrived/?fbclid=IwAR3W2as5QJJApAkMX85NOb3lA6aCRbpbZs0qnRMsjRtz7slyLFqQsvqKEDw

Little Movement Thinks Its Big Moment Has Arrived

c. 2007 Religion News Service (UNDATED) Alan Cecil is one spiritual leader who actually gets excited when people lose their faith. That’s because his little-known Noahide (pronounced No-AH-HIDE) movement specializes in ministering to serious God-seekers who no longer trust their religious authorities. And in an age marked by clergy scandals and hot-selling books that skewer […]

Tuesday, February 22, 2022

Unofficial Sanhedrin Noahide court calls upon non-Jews to remember the sabbath

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There is an attempt in Israel to resurrect the Sanhedrin, the ancient highest court of Judaism, which seeks to have dominion over Noahide affairs (here). As we have already learned, non-Jews are not to keep the Sabbath or they are killed (here). However, according to the Noahide court of the Sanhedrin, non-Jews are asked to "remember" the Sabbath by lighting two candles on Friday night, a reminder to them that god's holidays do not apply to them. Non-Jews are killed if they invent their own holidays (here).


https://www.israel365news.com/266423/sanhedrins-noahide-court-calls-on-the-nations-to-honor-the-shabbat-to-bring-messiah/?fbclid=IwAR3HBVKnz_MVOt3gv7sAEyjorP4zjD0-4NwV5sQ51GvMJ8J3BpLJUTpM4is

SANHEDRIN’S NOAHIDE COURT CALLS ON THE NATIONS TO HONOR THE SHABBAT TO BRING MESSIAH

And Hashem blessed the seventh day and declared it holy, because on it Hashem ceased from all the work of creation that He had done. Genesis 2:3 (The Israel BibleTM)

The Noahide Court of the Sanhedrin is calling on all nations to light two Shabbat candles to honor a “Universal Shabbat” as mandated in the Ten Commandments.

They explained the reasons in their proclamation:

“God gave the Shabbat to serve practical purposes that enhance our lives:

  • The source of the Blessings in any aspect of life is the Shabbat. This is true for anyone, regardless of race or religion, that if they are connected to Shabbat, they will be blessed in business, family, health, and every other aspect of their lives.
  • Everyone should honor the Shabbat with joy and pleasure. Once a week, Shabbat offers the opportunity to invest in feeling the pleasure of gathering together, enjoying every bite of family dinner, enjoying singing together. 
  • Once a week, the Shabbat offers the opportunity to spend quality time with our families, to listen to each other, to share our experiences, to express our love, and make each other happy.

“Of course, there are spiritual reasons for honoring Shabbabat that are on an entirely different level.  According to Torah sources (Psikta Derev Kahana Chapter 33) the commandment to ‘Remember the Sabbath’ was given at Mount Sinai as one of the Ten Commandments and said to all the nations of the world. This commandment is to remember that God created the world in six days, and Shabbat is based on the first Sabbath, just as all the laws of nature were created at that time and are still in effect, sustaining the world. The nation of Israel was commanded to keep the Sabbath holy, to keep all the details of Shabbat symbolizing our faith in God.  This is especially relevant today as one of the names of God is ‘Shalom’ (peace) and Shabbat returns peace to the world. This is symbolized in the traditional sabbath greeting in which people bless each other with ‘Shabbat Shalom’.”

To honor Shabbat, it is appropriate to light two candles or an electric lamp with two bulbs before sunset on Friday. This emphasizes the two types of  Shabbat:

  • A universal Sabbath that requires all mankind to know that in six days God made the heavens and the earth.
  • And a Jewish Sabbath that obliges the Jew to strike from any craft and the light of the candles will illuminate for us the light of faith. It is advisable to have them at the place where you will have your dinner.

At the time of lighting, it is worth reading the Biblical verses describing the creation of the world:

The heaven and the earth were finished, and all their array. On the seventh day Hashem finished the work that He had been doing, and He ceased on the seventh day from all the work that He had done. And Hashem blessed the seventh day and declared it holy, because on it Hashem ceased from all the work of creation that He had done. Genesis 2:1-3

It is praiseworthy that on Shabbat night, there should be a festive family meal, and it is fitting that within the meal there should be bread, fish, meat, and wine, which are a reminder of the future Shabbat then there will be a feast for the righteous where there will be wine and roasted meat.  Bread symbolizes manna, fish – symbolizes the great fish of the prophet Jonah,  meat symbolizes roasted meat from the Temple, as does wine. All of these are symbols of the future spiritual world; 

It is traditional to bless the Shabbat over a glass in this manner: “Blessed you GOD, King of the Universe, Creator of this vine”. And everyone answers: Amen.

At the end of the family dinner. Everyone will bless:

“Blessed are you, God, King of the Universe and blessed your Kingdom, for the feeding the whole world with his goodness in grace and mercy and compassion. He gives food to every creature forever and ever, as it is written: “Gives bread to all flesh because of His mercy, thank God forever as he has always been merciful” Blessed are you, God, King of the Universe, for feeding everyone and everything. We remember that in six days you created the heavens and the earth and on the seventh day you rested. “

The declaration was signed by Rabbi Yoel Schwartz, Rabbi Meir Halevi, and Rabbi Jonathan Hahn.

Rabbi Schwartz explained that this dual Shabbat is based on a simple reading of the Bible in conjunction with a close reading of the Ten Commandments. He first  cited the Talmud (Shabbat 118b) which states, “Were Israel to keep two Sabbaths as commanded, they would be immediately redeemed.” He explained that the simple reading implies two Sabbaths in a row establishing a level of regular observance. The rabbi also explained that an alternative reading might be two different Sabbaths: one of ‘remembering the Sabbath’, what the rabbi calls a ‘universal Sabbath’, and another of ‘observing the Sabbath’, what the rabbi calls a Sabbath for the Jews.

He explained that these are two different aspects of the Sabbath described in the Ten Commandments. The Ten Commandments are listed twice in the Bible but there is a subtle difference between how the Sabbath is related to in each of these separate listings.

Remember the Shabbat day and keep it holy. Exodus 20:8

Observe the Shabbat day and keep it holy, as Hashem your God has commanded you. Deuteronomy 5:12

“The first set of tablets were written by God and the commandment to remember the Sabbath was a universal commandment,” Rabbi Schwartz explained. “That is to ‘remember’ the Sabbath. Since it was universal, it was followed by a description of creation.”

“For in six days Hashem made heaven and earth and sea, and all that is in them, and He rested on the seventh day; therefore Hashem blessed the Shabbat day and hallowed it. Exodus 20:11

“The commandment in Deuteronomy on the tablets written by Moses was a message specifically for the Jews to ‘observe’ the Sabbath,” Rabbi Schwartz said, noting that it was followed by a description of God taking the Jews out of Egypt.

“Remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt and Hashem your God freed you from there with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm; therefore Hashem your God has commanded you to observe the Shabbat day. Deuteronomy 5:15

In Halacha, the two different verbs relating to the Sabbath in the Ten Commandments denote two different ways to relate to the obligation of the Sabbath: ‘to remember’ refers to the positive commandments of keeping the Sabbath and ‘to observe’ relates to the negative commandments of refraining from labor or acts that are restricted on the Sabbath.

“By not instructing the nations in their requirement to ‘remember the Sabbath’, by actually preventing them from taking part in the Sabbath, the Jews have prevented the full light of Moshiach (Messiah) from being revealed in the world,” Rabbi Schwartz said.

Rabbi Schwartz explained that these two different versions of the Sabbath commandment generate two different types of Sabbaths; one for Jews and one for the nations. The Jews are required to both ‘remember’ and ‘observe’, performing the positive commandments as well as refraining from the 39 forbidden forms of labor. The positive mitzvah of remembering the Sabbath is encompassed in reciting kiddush (sanctifying) the Sabbath, usually performed over a glass of wine. He also recommended that non-Jews light two candles to bring in the Sabbath. This is typically performed by women. The rabbi ruled that if a non-Jew does so for the Sabbath at the proper time and day, a blessing including the name of God may be recited.

 

US Congress opened for 7th time under Noahide payer

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SIGN THE PETITION 

For at least the 7th time, US Congress has been opened with a Noahide Prayer, this time by Rabbi Moshe Feller in the US. Senate. See the other 6 time (here)

Rabbi Moshe Feller opens a session in the Capitol for the tenth time

...

On Tuesday morning, the veteran Minnesota Chabad emissary who has served in that capacity since 1961, addressed the Creator from the Senate floor, with his son and several grandchildren, Chabad emissaries as well, looking on. “Almighty G‑d, Master of the Universe,” prayed the 84-year-old rabbi, “the Members of this august body, the United States Senate, convene here today to fulfill one of the Seven Commandments which You issued to Noah and his family after the Great Flood: the commandment that all societies be governed by just laws.” Feller went on to specify each of the Seven Noahide Laws of universal morality, concluding, “Grant, Almighty G‑d, that the members of the Senate constantly realize that by enacting just laws, they are doing Your will.”

...

When Feller reported back to the Rebbe after that first appearance, sponsored by Sen. Rudy Boschwitz (R-Minn.), he brought with him a copy of the Congressional Record, which reproduced the text of his prayer. “The Rebbe wrote to me ‘Tach! Tach! Tach! [a Hebrew acronym for ‘many thanks’] for giving me the news of opening the Senate and especially the beginning of your remarks.’ ” The Rebbe was referring to Feller’s observation before the Senate that their very gathering fulfills one of the Seven Noahide Laws, the imperative to establish just laws for society. “The Rebbe then gave me a directive,” Feller recalls, “ ‘Send your prayer to whoever opens a legislative body—not necessarily the U.S. Senate,’ and that’s what I did for many rabbis. G‑d gave me the idea to open it like that, and the Rebbe was so happy.”

SOURCE: Mendel Super (2022). "At U.S. Senate, a Senior Chabad Rabbi Offers Prayer for the Nation". Chabad. 11 Jan 2022. Retrieved 02/22/22 from:https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/5374608/jewish/At-US-Senate-a-Senior-Chabad-Rabbi-Offers-Prayer-for-the-Nation.htm

Friday, February 18, 2022

Rabbi uses Texas synagogue attack as excuse to push Noahide Law

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SIGN THE PETITION 

In this article, Rabbi Shlomo Litvin uses the recent Texas attack on a local synagogue to promote Noahide Law as a means to bring peace and law to society. This is not the first time the Jews have used a synagogue attack to promote Noahide Law, the same was done with the Poway shooting attack (here).

https://www.kentucky.com/opinion/op-ed/article257579568.html

Texas synagogue attack reminds us that we need to build a ‘beloved community’ 

BY RABBI SHLOMO LITVIN 

JANUARY 21, 2022 9:15 AM

Last Saturday night the Jewish community and many others across the world had their eyes trained on a small synagogue in Texas where a terrorist had taken a rabbi and congregants hostage. Although the terrorist’s plan was foiled by law enforcement response and heroic actions of the rabbi, comparisons were quickly made to other attacks in Jersey City, Pittsburgh, and Poway. There is however a major difference between the Texas terrorist and these earlier attacks.

The attacks in Poway and Pittsburgh were carried out by a white supremacist intent on murdering Jews. The Jersey City shooting was inspired by the hateful teachings of the Black Hebrew Israelite cult with similar intent. The Texas terrorist was entirely different. His ultimate goal was not just to kill Jews, but to use the incredible influence that he believed the Jewish community had to impact American foreign policy. The terrorist truly believed that a rabbi in Texas or New York could call the president, flaunt our country’s laws, and accomplish any task.

This ideology did not come out of nowhere. The terrorist heard it weekly in his local mosque in Blackburn England. The terrorist heard it when a US Congresswoman spoke about Jews controlling the US government and that it’s “All about the Benjamins.” The terrorist heard it when an executive for the Council of American Islamic Relations, or CAIR referred to synagogues as enemies and urged people to connect the dots. That same conspiracy was used by the evilest forces in history, from Nazi Germany to Soviet Russia, to suggest that Jews control the world, and to blame them for any ills. That same hateful rhetoric was found just this week in Kentucky when the Stated Clerk of the Presbyterian Church of the USA demanded Jews use their influence to change US policy. When words of hate and incitement are allowed in our society, one cannot be shocked when acts of violence follow. We cannot allow hate to fester in our environment.

There are two immediate steps that must be taken by anyone who would claim to support the American ideals of freedom for all, and who believes that Jewish lives have value. The first is to reject Jew hatred or antisemitism in all its forms and whenever it is heard. Whether from a religious leader, a public figure, an elected official, or just a friend on Facebook, each and every one of us has a responsibility to call out hate whenever we see it. The second is to take positive steps to shape a better tomorrow. Dr. Martin Luther King, whose birthday we commemorated this week, did not just speak of defeating hate and racism. He spoke about building a “beloved community,” and each one of us has a role to fill in that vision. We need to increase morality In our culture, which we can do through ancient statutes like the seven Noahide laws which Judaism has preached since its earliest days. We can also do so through modern initiatives like a moment of silence in public schools to train our children to think of themselves and others and to acknowledge the intrinsic value each one of us has in society and our responsibility towards our community before they begin every school day.

U.S. synagogues are now forced to adapt as was done in Europe, Israel, and the rest of the world to invest in alarms, armed security, and rely on relationships with local law enforcement to keep their Jewish community safe. But these are all short-term answers. The long-term solution is investing in structural changes to our society, to create a culture where every person can worship God, celebrate their faith, and engage in their community without needing to feel fear. Following the horrific terrorist attack in Kfar Chabad in 1956, the local community was shattered. The Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson sent these words of solace: “through your continued building you will be comforted”. The Rebbe taught that the answer was not to hide or flee in the face of hatred but to stand proud and build a loving community. The Rebbe’s message continues to reverberate throughout the Jewish community. This coming week Jewish students will mark Holocaust Education and Remembrance Week at UK. Every evening at 7:00 p.m. they will host a virtual lecture, film, or conversation, culminating with a holocaust survivor sharing his testimony on Jan. 27, Holocaust Remembrance Day. This coming Saturday our Jewish Community will again gather in synagogue and celebrate our faith. Despite all that happens we do not buckle to fear and do not bow to hatred. While all efforts are made to protect our security our focus is on building a brighter future and it’s incumbent on all people of good conscience to join this sacred call.


Thursday, February 17, 2022

Rabbi pushed Noahide Law and Schneerson at New Jersey State Assembly meet

See Table Of Contents (Here)

At the January 2022 NJ General Assembly meeting, Rabbi Mordechai Kanelsky, in his benediction and blessing, pushed Noahide Law and Rabbi Schneerson on the Assembly. Rabbi Schneerson is the Rabbi who was pronounced as the leader of world Jewry by the US Government (here) and who said non-Jews have satanic souls (here).

https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/bris-avrohom-rabbi-gives-benediction-as-state-asssembly-meets/

Bris Avrohom rabbi gives benediction as State Asssembly meets

January 19, 2022, 5:25 pm

The 220th General Assembly of the State of New Jersey, which included the swearing-in ceremony for assembly members, the speaker of the house, and all office-holders, was held on January 11.

Rabbi Mordechai Kanelsky of Bris Avrohom in Hillside was honored by giving the benediction, where he blessed the assembled and their family members.

In his talk, as a way to honor the Lubavitcher rebbe, Menachem Schneerson, z”l, who valued education, Rabbi Kanelsky suggested that schools be mandated to speak about God and to observe a moment of silence. He also said that it behooves the governing body to adhere the seven Noahide Laws that are the cornerstone of a lasting and just society.

He concluded his benediction by putting a dollar, which, he noted, has the words “In God We Trust” engraved on it, into a charity box, elaborating on the symbolism of charity from one to another.

Only early Genesis applies to Noahides and it is not historical

 SEE TABLE ON CONTENTS




This article is the continuation of why there is no Noahide Law to honor your parents (here) and why there is no sabbath for non-Jews (here). In this final article, Jeff Jaffe of MIT elaborates further on what we discussed in the article on the sabbath, the first eleven books of Genesis are meant for the Noahides, the rest applies to the Jews only. He says almost all the Noahide Laws can be derived from this section of the Torah. However, the status of gentiles seems to always be downplayed as according to Jaffe, the first eleven chapters of Genesis for the gentiles is less historically accurate than the rest of the Torah for Jews. 

https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/why-is-genesis-the-torah-of-all-nations/

Why Is Genesis the Torah of All Nations?

Jeff Jaffe

SEP 4, 2021, 12:41 AM

When we discussed respect for parents , we derived a Noahide imperative of respect from the story of Noah and his sons. When we discussed the Sabbath, we derived a Noahide imperative to respect sanctity from the mention of the sanctity of the Sabbath in Genesis, chapter 2. Why do we keep referring back to the early part of Genesis? The reason is that the first eleven chapters of Genesis may fairly be called the Torah of All Nations, as we proceed to explain.

Jewish tradition does not take the opening chapters of the Torah literally. The most noted commentator on the Torah, Rashi, opens his commentary on Genesis 1:1 by quoting the scholar Rabbi Yitzchak. The opening text of the Torah demonstrates God’s dominion over the world and shows God’s prerogative to choose one nation and deed to it the Holy Land of Israel.

But if we take that one step further, one might conclude that we don’t need all of Genesis to make that point. That leaves us with the question of understanding the purpose of each segment at a finer level – for each vignette, for each chapter, for each word in the opening section of the Torah, what does the Torah want to communicate to us about God’s values and His universe?

There are several differences between the first eleven chapters of Genesis and the rest of the Torah:

• The former has little to do with the Jewish people.
• Rashi implies in his second commentary on Genesis that the first chapter is not a sequential historical narrative. He doesn’t say when the Torah turns to being historical, but based on a modern understanding of world history, it seems plausible that the first eleven chapters are less historically precise than the rest of the Torah. By contrast, there is every reason to believe the historical narrative beginning with Abraham is precise. There is historical evidence of a monotheistic religion in Israel, slavery in Egypt, and the Jewish ascension in Israel.
• There is a surprising demarcation that separates the first eleven chapters of Genesis from the rest of the Torah. Rashi had a text for the Torah in which chapter 11 of Genesis ends with a backwards Hebrew letter nun. In the book of Numbers, verses 10:35–36 are set off from the rest of Numbers with the same backwards nun. The Talmud explains that the purpose of these backwards nuns is to treat the two verses as a separate book of the Torah. That supports the idea of a unique purpose for the first eleven chapters.

So, what is the purpose of these eleven chapters in their totality, considered as an ensemble? Do they form a cohesive whole? Can we describe a purpose for the entire set?

The opening chapters of Genesis represent the Torah of the nations. What does that mean? Let’s explain by making an analogy between the entire Torah and these eleven chapters. The entire Torah is a book of mitzvot. The style of delivering these mitzvot is to embed them in a narrative that provides homiletic messages, that explains God’s relationship to the Jews, that expresses through storytelling what God accepts as proper behavior from Jews and what is not proper.

According to Jewish tradition, God has expectations not only of the Jews, but of all of mankind. Judaism refers to these as the seven Noahide laws. It is only logical that just as God has recorded in the Torah what He expects from Jews (laws, relationships, proper behavior), He would record somewhere what His expectations are for all of mankind. To state it more strongly, it must be the case that God conveys this somewhere in the Torah. After all, He has these expectations, and the Torah is His vehicle to communicate. How can He not set this out somewhere?

The universal precepts can be found in these eleven chapters, from which our Sages derive the seven Noahide laws. They are the prohibitions against idolatry, cursing God, murder, theft, adultery, eating from a live animal, and the requirement to set up a court system.
Further, the Torah surrounds these laws with homiletic stories that convey God’s relationship with mankind and what general expectations of behavior He has of all of mankind. In other words, these eleven chapters are playing the exact role for the nations that the rest of the Torah plays for the Jewish people. Here are some examples.

1. The prohibition on idolatry. There are no explicit commandments forbidding idolatry in these chapters, but the entire subtext of these chapters is God’s greatness and uniqueness. God alone creates the world, interacts with Adam and Eve, ejects them from Paradise, scolds Cain, brings a deluge, and disperses the people of Babylon. There is ample narrative to point out the foolishness of idolatry.
2. The prohibition on cursing God. This prohibition is associated with God’s greatness and uniqueness.
3. The prohibition on murder. The prohibition on murder is reinforced with more than one vignette. Cain kills Abel and is cursed by God. Cain’s concluding statement is the confessional “My sin is too great to bear.” Soon after, when Lemech accidentally kills, he expresses his regrets. After the deluge, God provides an explicit rule that one is not allowed to murder other humans.
4. The prohibition on adultery. The importance of proper relationships in a positive fashion is expressed by the blessing to be fruitful and to multiply. Rashi points out that the statement that man leaves his home to unite with his wife is an allusion to the prohibition on adultery.
5. The prohibition on theft. Most commentaries associate theft with the word chamas in 6:11, one of the key crimes that led to the deluge.
6. The prohibition on eating from a live animal. This is expressly forbidden adjacent to the permission for mankind to eat from dead animals.
7. The mandate to establish courts. While there do not appear to be explicit references to courts, there are several vignettes in these chapters – most notably the deluge and Tower of Babel – which describe the breakdown of society without a court system. Disaster befalls a society without courts.

At a macro level, we have a very clear explanation for the purpose of this unit of eleven chapters. It is filling God’s need to communicate to all mankind what they must do. And it is communicated in the standard style used throughout the Torah: derived from text and surrounded by vignettes.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Jeff Jaffe is the author of "Genesis: A Torah for all Nations", published by Gefen Publishing House. He is also Chief Executive Officer of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at MIT. Previously he served as IBM's Corporate VP of Technology, President of Research and Advanced Technologies at Bell Labs, and EVP/CTO of Novell. Dr. Jaffe holds a doctorate in computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The posts are his opinions only and are not the opinions of W3C or MIT.